It is unlikely but I won't say impossible. However, it would depend on what the organism that was causing it to be infected. If a Staph then it would be possible as staph is a blood transmitted organism as well as surface. It does sound more like cancer eye to me than an injury, but they don't all look the same. A cow with cancer eye can go for months before it will start to drag her down. We had one and we kept her for over 2 months so that the calf would get a longer time to "get going". The thing of it is here you won't get much if anything for a cancer eye cow and many sales won't even take them in. The seller would have been better off keeping her and letting her get the calf along further and just burying the cow as we did ours.
We also had a cow one time get a cancer eye looking infection.... had the vet take the eye out and sew that socket area shut. She was 8 months pregnant. She raised that calf and 2 more before she developed another growth on the jaw and when that calf was 5-6 months we also buried her as again, they would not have accepted her at the sale.
I think that you just got more unlucky than anything. And since they announced that there were several sick calves I am thinking that they all were exposed to some "bug" that they were not vaccinated against and had no immunity against.... the shipping fever type things will hit them fast and hard especially in the fall with the warm and cold and rainy weather.
But that said, it might be wise to not buy calves in that 150-300 lb range right off a cow like that. It is a hard stage, and as you are finding out, a relatively reasonably priced calf is going to wind up costing quite a bit more and alot more work.