I am a firm believer that static is not a substitute for training but any dog after proper personalized training and investment of time and consistency is not "getting it" AND (not or) is or becomes a safety issue. Yep...time to consider static. Training is what I do... I work with dogs family pets, rescues, dogs that have been field trained and herd trained and agility trained by other trainers for whatever...etc etc. I work with hard cases. Priorities are 5 Fundamentals including Functionality... who cares if your dog can sit for 10 minutes in the other room with even distractions if it doesn't focus and function safely and can be enjoyed. I work with assuring pack hierarchy based on respect... not fear. If static is your "final opportunity" for resolution after all other measures... Please do not point your remote at the pet like you are trying to change a TV channel. Please no that this is not a matter of right or wrong school of thought. Sometimes best to agree to disagree ... smart posts... but Robbin... on the dog knowing static correction comes from owner... I typically disagree. Most dogs should not know. Unless you evaluate behavior, temperament, etc in typical familiar environment (and OK evaluator there by family/owner - safe and good to go), evaluate again outside that environment (unfamiliar place with ok evaluator) and again evaluate in unfamiliar place and introduce unfamiliar person... it is difficult to discern best way to utilize static. What does the dog know? What does it listen/do consistently, what does it "maybe" and what do you struggle with? If you introduce static when not solution for dog (can cause confusion, meltdown, anxieties, a defensive aggression, etc) or used incorrectly (can cause again confusion, not be effective for correction of cause, etc)... So, bottom line, you can cause bigger issues -- bigger than ones than caused by improper approach of training for a particular dog. Sometimes reverse psychology is very effective too. Most busy herders -- are different than the more guardian type personality. They love to work and be busy... just being outside in a spacious run does not always meet activity or working needs. So many things to consider. I don't have a solution as I feel it would be remiss to do so without more info... except to say that MOST should not know in my experience (over 99% in my 40 years of training -- though most have not needed static at all so that % is of ones that did over the years)... you can't be there all the time and most dogs need to learn the job, boundaries and basic momentary decision making...but again depends on dog and what does or does not motivate learning/working. Remember too that eval determines the learning capabilities... just because many working or herding breed are a "smart" breed... some individuals are not always the brightest bulbs.